Final Written Portion

Ethiopia is one of the oldest civilizations in the world that dates back to at least 8^th Century B.C. in a proto-Aksumite state kingdom known as D’mt.[1] Ethiopia, during the period of 3^rd Century B.C until 980 A.D, was then known as the Kingdom of Axum (Aksum).[2]  This kingdom was one of the most influential during its apex; it had vast trade networks, its own coinage, and its own written language.  The empire was situated on the Red Sea and had access to the Silk Road via its trade networks.[3]  The kingdom of Aksum has since evolved into the nation of Ethiopia and its prominence of wealth has been lost; today Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked nation in the world and is also one of its poorest.[4]  The nation has many problems to endure but is not without hope.

Ethiopia is one of the poorest nations in the world; over 39% of the population lives below the poverty line.[5]  This nation is landlocked and over 85% of the workforce is engaged in agriculture.[6]  Most of the population lives in the Upland Grassland areas and use sustenance farming to feed their families.  Ethiopia has an extremely high dependency rate of 81.6% which means that less than 20% of the population is working to support 81.6% of the population.  This is an incredible burden on the workforce.  The use of child labor helps to alleviate this burden.  It is estimated that over 10 million children between the ages of 5-14 are engaged in child labor.[7] Furthermore, Ethiopia is a socialist economy.  The state owns all of the land and it leases the land to the people who then work the land for a fee. 

Ethiopia is taking steps towards improving its economy and is in talks to join the World Trade Organization.  Currently Ethiopia has the fifth fastest growing economy among the 188 member nations of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).[8] The government is also working to reduce child labor and increase literacy through its “Growth and Transformation Plan” developed alongside the United Nation’s Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) program.[9] By reducing illiteracy and child labor, Ethiopia hopes to achieve a “middle income economy.”[10]

Another problem Ethiopia faces in order to regain its wealth as a nation and rise out of poverty is its need to eliminate Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs.)  It is estimated that the eradication of NTDS could add $3.8 Billion USD back into their economy.[11]  Tropical diseases not only kill they also disable which removes healthy people from the workforce; which reduced productivity and thus creates a dependency burden on others.  The top causes of death in Ethiopia that are caused by these diseases include lower respiratory infections (viral and bacterial), diarrheal diseases, tuberculosis, and malaria.[12]  These diseases are transmitted through contact with, or ingestion of, contaminated water, food, and soil or are transmitted by insects, animals, and other people.  Ethiopia is addressing NTDs and better access to clean water through government programs and through partnerships with several non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as the Gates Foundation and the World Health Organization.[13]

            One last area that Ethiopia needs to focus on in order to strengthen its county involves security of its borders and safety of its peoples.  Ethiopia is currently involved in two border disputes: with Eritrea since 1993 and Somalia since 1960.  Eritrea and parts of Ethiopia, including Ogaden, which is mostly Muslim, were grated to Ethiopia after the end of World War II.  Eritrea gained independence in 1993 which cost Ethiopia its coastal access to the Red Sea.  Ethiopia has been accused of human rights violations against Eritreans in Ethiopia and the two countries do not engage in trade with each other.[14]  Ethiopia uses other countries to move exports even though Eritrea is more convenient.  The conflict with Somalia is based on a shared religion, Islam, with the people of Ogaden as well as resources in this area.  The use of military and diplomatic means has not been successful and there is a movement to focus on building cooperational economic projects in order to strengthen ties between these two countries.[15]

            Ethiopia has a way to go before reclaiming its wealth and stature within the global economy but is taking steps to do so.  It is addressing poverty, literacy, child labor, disease, access to clean water, and border security through several governmental programs and cooperation with other entities.

Bibliography:

“Country Cooperation Strategy: Ethiopia.” World Health Organization. 2014. http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_eth_en.pdf (accessed July 2, 2016).

“Dependency Ratios.” CIA World Fact Book. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2261.html#et (accessed July 6, 2016).

“Ethiopia.” CIA World Fact Book.

“Ethiopia.” The Joshua Project. https://joshuaproject.net/countries/et (accessed July 6, 2016).

“Ethiopia Country Profile.” Open Doors United Kingdom. http://www.opendoorsuk.org/persecution/worldwatch/ethiopia.php (accessed July 6, 2016).

“Ethiopian Empire.” 2016. The History Files. http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsAfrica/AfricaEthiopia.htm (accessed July 2, 2016).

“Ethiopia Overview.” World Bank. http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ethiopia/overview (accessed July 6, 2016).

“Global Health - Ethiopia." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/countries/ethiopia/default.htm (accessed May 19, 2016).

“Integrated Functional Adult Education: Ethiopia.” United Nations Educational. Scientific, and Cultural Organization. http://www.unesco.org/uil/litbase/?menu=8&programme=195 (accessed July 2, 2016).

Kendie, Daniel. “Towards Resolving the Ethiopia-Somalia Disputes.” Western Michigan University Center for African Development Policy Research. August 2007. http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1123&context=africancenter_icad_archive (accessed July 8, 2016).

“Literacy.” https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html#et

Ofcansky, Thomas P, Laverle Bennette Berry. Library of Congress. Federal Research Division. "Ethiopia: A Country Study." Online Text. https://www.loc.gov/item/92000507. (Accessed July 6, 2016).

“Oromo Continue to Flee Violence.” Cultural Survival Quarterly. https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/somalia/oromo-continue-flee-violence (accessed July 6, 2016).

Reader, John. "Africa: A Biography of the Continent." New York: Vintage Books. 1999. 210.

Robel, Johannes. "Eliminating NTDs Enables Ethiopia to Save $3.8Bln USD." Ethiopia Online. http://onlineethiopia.net/2016/05/eliminating-ntds-enables-ethiopia-save-3-8bln-usd/ (accessed July 6, 2016).

Shah, Anup. “Conflict Between Ethiopia and Eritrea.” Global Issues. December 2000. http://www.globalissues.org/article/89/conflict-between-ethiopia-and-eritrea (accessed July 2, 2016).

---

[1] “Ethiopian Empire.” History Files.

[2] “Ethiopian Empire.” History Files.

[3] Reader, John. 204.

[4] “Ethiopia.” CIA World Fact Book.

[5] “Ethiopia.” CIA World Fact Book.

[6] “Ethiopia.” CIA World Fact Book.

[7] “Ethiopia.” CIA World Fact Book.

[8] “Ethiopia.” CIA World Fact Book.

[9] “Integrated Functional Adult Education: Ethiopia.” UNESCO.

[10] “Integrated Functional Adult Education: Ethiopia.” UNESCO.

[11] Robel, Johannes.

[12] “Global Health: Ethiopia.” Centers for Disease Control.

[13] “Country Cooperation Strategy: Ethiopia.” World Health Organization.

[14] Shah, Anup.

[15] Kendie, Daniel.

Ethiopia – Borders, Politics, and National Identity

Ethiopia has never had to claim independence from another nation.  It was briefly occupied by the Italians during Mussolini’s reign; however, the Italians were not there long enough to change the culture of this nation.  Ethiopia has largely been protected against any unwanted influences on its culture. 

Ethiopia is divided culturally with most Christians occupying the eastern and northern portions of the nation while Muslims occupy most of the southern and western parts.  Ethiopia has four major ethnic groups as well as four major languages: Oromo, Amhara (Amharic), Somali, and Tigray (Tigrigna). [1] The country is divided into administrative political areas that correspond with its major ethnic divisions.

Ethiopian Administrative Regions and Populations
Source: Ethio Visit.
http://www.ethiovisit.com/ethiopia/ethiopia.html

As you can see in the map above, the Oromo (Oromia) people group are in close proximity to the Somali peoples group.  The Oromo people are the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia and within this group there is a movement for liberation called the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF).  The Oromo territory was once self-governed but came under control of King Menelik, from the Amharan ethnic group in the north, during a period of empire building in the late 1800s. [2] The Oromo decry discrimination from the Amharic people.  In Ethiopia, it is illegal to speak the Oromo language for public reasons; violators are arrested. [3]  The Amharic (the ruling minority ethnic group) are “driving the Oromo from their fertile lands, and subjecting them to torture, imprisonment, forced conscription, and execution.” [4] Because of this, as well as border fighting with nation of Somalia, over 1.25 million Oromo have fled the country; many of them women and children. [5]

The age structure of Ethiopia is telling: 43.94% of the population is under 14 years of age and the median age is 17.7 years. [6] This means that half of the population of Ethiopia is younger than 18.  In comparison the median age in the United States is 36.8 years old. [7] This figure is indicative to overall health of a nation.  When people live longer the median age rises.  This nation also has an exceptionally high total dependency ratio of 81.6% which compares to the United States figure of 50.9%. [8] This means that less than 20% (working ages 15-64) of the nation is working to support 81.6% (those outside the working age groups) of the population.  This places a tremendous burden on those who are working and has also created a child labor market.

Ethiopia has a literacy rate of 49.1%; the male figure is 57.2% and the female rate is 41.1% [9].  This number is very low compared to the rest of the world which has a literacy rate of 86.1%.[10]  The literacy rate also shows a disparity between men and women; this indicates that there is a higher value placed on men’s education.  The school life rate for a child in Ethiopia is 7 years (6 years for girls and 8 years for boys) and many children (53%) are engaged in child labor (ages 5-14) to help support the family. [11]

Ethiopia Model: Investing in Quality Education for all Children
Government Spending for children's education rose
from 11% of total spending in 1999-2000
to more than 25% in 2012-2013.

Source: Global Partnership
http://www.globalpartnership.org/blog/ethiopia-model-investing-quality-education-all-children

The government of Ethiopia is a federal parliamentary republic and uses the three traditional branches of government.  The country has had a significant change in its political borders that relate to the nation of Eritrea.  After World War II the United Nations made Eritrea a federal component of Ethiopia; in 1962 Ethiopia annexed Eritrea and this resulted in war.  Eritrea gained independence in 1993 and since then relations between these two nations has been contentious.  Currently, Eritrea has faced sanctions from the UN and many people are fleeing from Eritrea into Ethiopia. [12] In fact, Ethiopia has the largest refugee population of any African nation with 700,000 refugees. [13]

Footnotes:

1. “Ethiopia: People and Society.” CIA World Fact Book. 2016. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html (accessed June 28, 2016).

2. “Oromo Continue to Flee Violence.” Cultural Survival Quarterly. https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/somalia/oromo-continue-flee-violence

3. “Oromo Continue to Flee Violence.” Cultural Survival Quarterly. https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/somalia/oromo-continue-flee-violence

4. “Oromo Continue to Flee Violence.” Cultural Survival Quarterly. https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/somalia/oromo-continue-flee-violence

5. “Oromo Continue to Flee Violence.” Cultural Survival Quarterly. https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/somalia/oromo-continue-flee-violence

6. CIA World Fact Book. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html

7. United States Demography.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography_of_the_United_States

8. “Dependency Ratios.” CIA World Fact Book. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2261.html#et

9. CIA World Fact Book. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html

10. “Literacy.” https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html#et

11. CIA World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html

12. “Eritrea Profile.” BBC News. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13349395

13. “Eritrean Refugees in Ethiopia.” http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2016/03/eritrean-refugees-ethiopia-160306065928790.html

Missions Work in Ethiopia

The original Ethiopian religion is paganism; however, God has a different plan for this nation.  In the Old Testament story of King Solomon and Sheba, Sheba gives gifts to Solomon and blesses God. [1] After Jesus Christ was raised from the dead, he sent out his disciples to “go and create disciples of all nations.” [2] The first disciple to interact with an Ethiopian was Philip who recognized that an Ethiopian traveler was reading from the Old Testament Book of Isaiah. [3] At the end of their meeting the Ethiopian accepted Jesus Christ as Savior and was baptized by Philip. [4] Later on King Ezana in the 4^th Century would adopt Christianity as the nation’s state religion.  Since then there have been three distinct phases of mission’s work in Ethiopia: from the rise of Islam in 7^th Century AD until the 15^th Century, the colonial mission’s period from the 1800s until the end of World War II, and lastly the modern missionary period from the end of WWII until present day. [5]

The rise of Islam in Ethiopia was made possible through the use of three major kinds of Islamic missions’ work.  The first is the traditional method of a simple appeal or invitation to accept Allah as God; the second is through the manipulation of trade to coerce people into Islam for discounted goods; and the third is through conquest. [6] Ethiopia is proximate to Arabia, a major stronghold of Islam, through the Red Sea, and 33.9 % of the nation has been converted to Islam through these measures. [7] According to Open Doors, a Christian Missions group for persecuted Christians, Ethiopia is ranked the 18^th most volatile country in the world for Christian persecution; most of this comes from Islamic extremism. [8] 

Christian missions work in Ethiopia picked back up in the 1500s; from 1557-1632 there was a major move from Jesuit missionaries to convert Ethiopians to the Catholic faith which was strongly opposed to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. [9] Ignatius of Loyola sent missionaries to Ethiopia after hearing about the tale of Prester John. [10] He sent in 20 missionaries on 13 separate missions and one of the largest contributions of these missions was imported technology from Spain, Italy, and Portugal to help in military defense against Muslims, pagans, and domestic aggressors. [11] During the colonial period (1800-1945), Ethiopia did not experience the wave of missionaries like other African countries because Ethiopia was never colonized during this time.

Today there are approximately 20,930,000 unreached people in Ethiopia which represents 20.8% of the population. [12] The largest missionary group in the nation are Protestant missionaries who operate with 22 different member churches of the Evangelical Church Fellowship of Ethiopia [13].  One of the largest churches in Ethiopia is the Ethiopian Kale Heywet Church (EKHC) which has over 7,000,000 members in 6,000 congregations. [14] This church was founded in the 1920s by a church plant mission group called Serving in Missions and the two are still partnered together for mission work in Ethiopia. [15] The EKHC has its own missions school and outreach programs which provide many services to the people of Ethiopia. [16] They also have their own orphanage, college, work program for women and children, and over 127 Bile schools in the nation. [17]

God's will is that none shall perish but that all shall come to to repentance (2 Peter 3:9).  Please pray for the people of the nation of Ethiopia to receive Jesus the Christ as Savior.  Please pray for the safety of missionaries operating within the country, as well as other Christians, for protection against persecution. 

For more information on the opportunity to serve in Ethiopia please visit: http://www.sim.org/index.php/opportunity/country/ET

Footnotes:

1. Schultz, Hannah. “Beautiful Feet: The History of Missions in Africa.” Liberty University. 2016. https://learn.liberty.edu/webapps/blackboard/content/listContent.jsp?course_id=_303751_1&content_id=_12472194_1 (accessed June 26, 2016).

2. Matt. 28:19 (NIV).

3. Acts 8:26-40 (NIV).

4. Acts 8:26-40 (NIV).

5. Harper, Melody. “Missions in Africa.” Liberty University. 2016. https://learn.liberty.edu/webapps/blackboard/content/listContent.jsp?course_id=_303751_1&content_id=_12472194_1 (accessed June 26, 2016).

6. Schultz, Hannah. “Beautiful Feet: The History of Missions in Africa.”

7. “Ethiopia.” People and Society. CIA World Fact Book. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html (accessed June 26, 2016).

8. “Ethiopia Country Profile.” Open Doors United Kingdom. http://www.opendoorsuk.org/persecution/worldwatch/ethiopia.php (accessed June 26, 2016).

9. Fernández, Víctor. "Enlivening the Dying Ruins: History and Archaeology of the Jesuit Missions in Ethiopia, 1557–1632" Culture & History Digital Journal [Online], Volume 2 Number 2 (30 December 2013). http://cultureandhistory.revistas.csic.es/index.php/cultureandhistory/article/view/33/129 (accessed June 23, 2016).

10. Fernandez, Victor. 2013.

11. Fernandez, Victor. 2013.

12. “Ethiopia.” The Joshua Project. https://joshuaproject.net/countries/et (accessed June 26, 2016).

13. “International Religious Freedom Report: Ethiopia.” United States Department of State. http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2004/35355.htm (accessed June 26, 2016).

14. “Ethiopia.” Serving in Missions. http://www.sim.org/index.php/country/ET (accessed June 26, 2016).

15. “Ethiopia.” Serving in Missions.

16. “Ethiopia.” Serving in Missions.

17. “Ethiopia.” Serving in Missions.

18. “Missions Opportunities in Ethiopia.” Serving in Missions. http://www.sim.org/index.php/opportunity/country/ET (accessed June 26, 2016).

Ethiopia Geographical Information

"Ethiopia, Africa"
Source: CIA World Factbook, Ethiopia

       Ethiopia, Africa

Ethiopia is the the most populous landlocked nation in the world. It is bordered by six other African nations: Sudan and South Sudan to the West, Kenya to the South, Somalia and Djibouti to the East, and Eritrea to the North.  Ethiopia covers the area of 8° 00 N 38° 00 E.¹   

Longitude and Latitude of Major Cities

"Ethiopia Map"
Source: CIA World Factbook, Ethiopia

The capital of Ethiopia is Addis Ababa which is located at 09°02'N 38°42'E; other major cities include:

Awasa                      07°02'N 38°28'E

Bahir Dar                 11°37'N 37°10'E
Dese                        11°05'N 39°40'E
Dire Dawa                09°35'N 41°45'E
Dolo Odo                  04°11'N 42°03'E
Gonder                     12°39'N 37°30'E
Harar                        09°20'N 42°08'E
Jima                          07°40'N 36°47'E
Kebri Dehar              06°45'N 44°17'E
Mek ele                     13°33'N 39°30'E
Moyale                      03°57'N 37°19'E
Nazret                       08°32'N 39°22'E

Coordinates obtained from:
Maps of the World

"Tigray Enscarpment"
Source: Rod Waddington, Wikimedia Commons, 18 September 2013
These esncarpments, cliffs, provide natural barriers of
protection against intrustion

Ethiopian Climate Zones

The most important geographic feature of Ethiopia is the Great Rift Valley which runs about 4,000 miles from Syria to Mozambique and is between 20 to 60 miles in width.² 

Most of Ethiopia is situated on the East African Rift and has an average elevation between 1,500-3,000 meters above sea level.3  In fact, Ethiopia only composes about 4% of Africa but it has more than 50% of the continent's land above 2,000 meters and almost 80% of the continent's land above 3,000 meters.4

There are three climate zones in Ethiopia based on the varying elevations which drive weather patterns.  The first climate zone is the cool zone, "dega," which covers the highlands and mountains elevated at 2,400 meters or more. 5  These highlands, plateaus, and mountains provide a natural barrier to intrusion and provide protection to species of animals that are not found elsewhere in the world.6  Average daily high temperatures in the dega zones range from near freezing to 16°C (61°F).7

The next climate zone is the "weina dega" or temperate zone and daily high temperatures average between 16°C (61°F) to 30°C (86°F) .8  About 75% of the population lives in this zone and it is the zone most hospitable to agriculture.9

"Ethiopia Vegetation" Map.
Source: Feza Kupruku, ICE Case Study 246
July 2011
Ethiopian Land Grab

The map to the left shows the vegetation
of Ethiopia.  Most of the population lives in
the Upland Grassland areas.  Ethiopia is thought to be one of the main places in which the world's stock of cultivated plants had originated.10

Agriculture is the most important economic activity in Ethiopia; 85% of the nation is engaged in this industry.11

Ethiopia produces and exports coffee (which originated in Ethiopia), leather goods, pulses (a type of legume), oilseeds, beeswax, and tea and has a domestic market for meat and dairy.12

"Dallol Volcano in the Denakil Depression."
Source: Geology.com
http://geology.com/stories/13/dallol/

The third climate zone in Ethiopia is the
hot zone, "kolla," which consists of areas below 1,500 meters elevation.13  This area covers the deserts, depressions, Eritrean lowlands, and the deep tropical valleys of the Blue Nile and Tekeze Rivers.14

Temperatures in the hot zone are more varied than in the cool and temperate zones.Temperatures can reach up to
50°C (122°F) and ranges from arid to humid depending on the proximity to water.15

Climate Problems

Ethiopia has several problems due its climate and geographical features to include drought, earthquakes, volcanoes, and diseases.  

Drought conditions in Ethiopia are a daily concern for its citizens because 85% of the population relies on agriculture for sustenance and income production.  When a drought occurs not only do Ethiopians face a shortage of food for consumption they also face a shortage in their income productivity.  Droughts in Ethiopia are often deadly as they produce widespread famine; citizens face malnutrition, starvation, sanitary issues due to a lack of fresh water, and diseases.  Ethiopia is currently in a severe drought and it is estimated that 10.2 million people are in need of food aid.16

Earthquake Risk in Africa: Modified Mercalli Scale
Source: Relief Web

Ethiopia is at great risk for earthquakes and volcanic eruptions due to its position in the Great Rift Valley.  As you can see in the picture Ethiopia has a dark red line that bisects the nation; this is because it is situated on top of two major tectonic plates: the East African Plate (Nubian) and the West African Plate (Somalian).  To the north of Ethiopia lies the Arabian Plate.  All three plates are pulling away from each other.  Scientists predict that the dark red region, called the Afar region, will soon be turned into ocean.17

The tectonic plate activity also produces volcanic eruptions.  Active volcanoes follow the line of earthquake activity as seen in the picture to the left.  Ethiopia has 53 volcanoes; the largest is the Erta Ale volcano located in the Afar region.18

Click Here to Enlarge Map
Source: World Health Organization

Ethiopia's greatest threat comes from diseases that are caused by environmental 

factors. The top causes of death in Ethiopia that are caused by these diseases 

include lower respiratory infections (viral and bacterial), diarrheal diseases, 

tuberculosis, and malaria.19   

These diseases are transmitted through contact with, or ingestion of, contaminated

water, food, and soil or are transmitted by insects, animals, and other people.

Diseases in Ethiopia devastate the economy. Experts estimate that the elimination of 

tropical diseases in Ethiopia could save the nation around $3.8 billion USD in 

loss of economic production.20 

                                                              

                

                                                                                         
1 CIA World Factbook. "Geography: Ethiopia." https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html (accessed May 17, 2016).

2 "Great Rift Valley." New World Encyclopedia. 2015. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Great_Rift_Valley (accessed May 18, 2016). 

3 Ofcansky, Thomas P, Laverle Bennette Berry. Library Of Congress. Federal Research Division. "Ethiopia: a Country Study." Online Text. https://www.loc.gov/item/92000507. (Accessed May 18, 2016.)

3  Reader, John. "Africa: A Biography of the Continent." New York: Vintage Books. 1999. 210.

5  Ofcansky. 2016, 77. 

6  Reader. 1999, 211.

7  Ofcansky. 2016, 77.

8  Ofcansky. 2016, 77.

9  Ofcansky. 2016, 79.

10  Reader. 1999, 211.

11  "Ethiopia Agriculture." Encyclopedia of the Nations. 2016. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Africa/Ethiopia-AGRICULTURE.html (accessed May 18, 2016). 

12  "Ethiopia Agriculture." 

13  Ofcansky. 2016, 77.

14  Ofcansky. 2016, 77.

15  Ofcansky. 2016, 77.


16  "Ethiopia Drought - 2015 -2016." Relief Web. http://reliefweb.int/disaster/dr-2015-000109-eth (accessed May 19, 2016).

17  "Triple Junction; The Red Sea/East Africa." The Geological Society. http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Plate-Tectonics/Chap3-Plate-Margins/Divergent/Triple-Junction (accessed May 19, 2016).

18  "Global Volcanism Program." Smithsonian Institute. http://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=221080 (accessed May 19, 2016).

19  "Global Health - Ethiopia." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.. http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/countries/ethiopia/default.htm (accessed May 19, 2016).

20  Robel, Johannes. "Eliminating NTDs Enables Ethiopia to Save $3.8Bln USD." Ethiopia Online. http://onlineethiopia.net/2016/05/eliminating-ntds-enables-ethiopia-save-3-8bln-usd/ (accessed May 19, 2016).